Battles of the Ancientsさんのイラストまとめ

Scholars debate whether Philip’s Companions also had a small shield like the pelta of his Macedonian infantrymen. Whether this is the case or not, it appears they discarded it by the time of Alexander’s crossing into Asia in 334 BC.

Artwork by © Johnny Shumate.

The satrapy of Hellespontine Phrygia. This region was of vital, strategic importance as it controlled the Hellespont (Dardanelles), the gateway between Europe and Asia.

Each Macedonian soldier of Philip II would have to carry arms and armour, rations, utensils, blankets, road-building tools, medical supplies, a thirty-day supply of flour and any personal possessions in a backpack. Altogether this weighed c.40kg

Artwork by © Johnny Shumate.

On his deathbed Alexander the Great had handed his signet to Perdiccas - his highest-ranking subordinate. It provided Perdiccas a degree of authority among the generals and fuelled his ambitions in the post-Alexander world. But it also stoked the embers for bitter rivalry

Despite making no attempt to seize power following King Philip II's demise, Amyntas - Alexander the Great's cousin - was swiftly executed by Alexander, perceiving him a threat.

For future orators the quality of Demosthenes' works and speeches he left behind became a major source of inspiration - to none more so than Cicero, Rome's answer to Demosthenes. After death Demosthenes became the epitome of Athenian virtue

In 276 BC the Hellenistic king Pyrrhus famously remarked upon departing Sicily, 'Oh what a wrestling ground we are leaving for the Carthaginians and Romans to fight over.' He was proved right when, 12 years later, the First Punic War erupted

Artwork by © Johnny Shumate.

Several cases of 1 on 1, general vs general combat are reported in the aftermath of Alexander the Great's death: Eumenes vs Neoptolemus, Lysimachus vs Seleucus and Pyrrhus vs Pantauchus

By 323 BC the number of Asian battalions in Alexander the Great's army far outnumbered the Macedonian contingents in size and strength. Among them were some of the finest cavalrymen in the whole of Asia, hailing from noble Oriental families.

Artwork by © Johnny Shumate.

Athens and several other prestigious city-states attempted to resist the rise of Philip II's Macedonia, which they rightly saw as a threat to their sovereignty. Yet a decisive defeat against Philip’s forces at Chaeronea in 338 BC emphatically ended their fight.