Ranks even below 妾Concubine is 嬖. In case of serious crime as as treason, entire clan are sentenced. Men executed/exiled/enslaved, women enslaved. These enslaved women and their female descendants are 嬖.
Unlike 妾 and their son, illegal to elevate status of 嬖.
Other source of 妾 Concubine are female servants or former courtesans. 妾 basically semi slave status. their son(s) can't be heir and you can't make a 妾 your main wife 妻 no matter how much you favor her because that's strictly forbidden by Zhou Dynasty law of succession.
Man who has 1 wife and 2 concubines, cut off his ear
Man who has 2 wives, cut off his head
Man who commits adulery w a married woman, cut off his balls
Martini traveled back to Rome frm 1651 to 1655. he wrote his eye-witness account of Manchu conquest of China in his book Regni Sinensis a Tartaris devastati enarratio which was published in 1661.
The Euro illustrators of the book prbly nvr seen a Chinese person irl.
Side note: Trans-Siberian railway skirting around Chinese territory only completed in 1916 because aft 1905 Russo-Japanese War, Japan took over Southern Manchurian railway south of Changchun
Russia used China Eastern Rail to ship 330k troops outnumbering 270k IJA in the war
Japan inflicted a crushing defeat on China in 1st Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895 by sinking China's 1st modern fleet and destroying Chinese army in land.
China was forced to cede Taiwan and Liaodong Liaotung Peninsula in S Manchuria.