The Cultural Tutorさんのイラストまとめ

However, you can see the effect of van Eyck's Gothic heritage.

His textures are luminous, but his figures can look somewhat stiff, wooden, and lifeless when compared with those of Italian art:

But in Italy - first through Giotto in the early 1300s, followed by Masaccio a century later - perspective was introducted into art.

Paintings were now three-dimensional. People had weight. They seemed to be standing in real places. Things became more realistic.

And this disinterest in realism led these artists to embrace quite wonderful compositional patterns.

Much Medieval art was beautifully ornate and semi-abstract:

When he came to paint the Mona Lisa, a portrait of the noblewoman Lisa Gherardini, he put his studies into practice.

Although other Renaissance art was realistic, its figures looked almost statuesque in their solidity of form and of colour. Things were too precise.

Then came proto-Renaissance painters like Giotto in the early 1300s and Masaccio a century later.

They introduced the illusion of depth - linear perspective - into art. It became more realistic. People in their paintings seemed to be standing in real spaces. They had weight.

The Byzantine Empire was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces.

Its capital, as chosen by Constantine, was Constantinople, formerly Byzantium, now Istanbul.

Their empire survived the fall of Rome itself and lasted for another thousand years...

And so the Impressionists started painting on the fly, outdoors, out and about, with their easels and bundles of brushes.

This explains that brightness to their work; they painted what they saw, including bright blue skies and sunlight reflected on water or dappled by leaves...

James II (1685-1688)

The last Catholic king. Continued the House of Stuart’s struggle with Parliament; his belief in absolute power caused trouble. Deposed in the Glorious Revolution, when Parliament invited the Protestant Dutch prince William of Orange to take over.

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Interregnum/Commonwealth

The Interregnum if you’re a monarchist, and the Commonwealth if you’re a republican. 11 years with no king, dominated by the complex figure of Oliver Cromwell, who ruled as Lord Protector and passed rule to his son, Richard.

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